FOCUS
/ OBIETTIVI DEL MILLENNIO
49 focus
La lieve diminuzione delle emissioni globali indotta dalla
crisi nel 2009 è chiaramente di natura a breve termine.
Non appena l'economia globale si sarà ripresa, le emissioni
probabilmente torneranno ad aumentare. La questione delle
emissioni di gas serra rimane attuale e urgente.
L'EFFICACE ATTUAZIONE DEL PROTOCOL-
LO DI MONTREAL, APRE LA STRADA PER
ESTENDERE IL CONTROLLO AD ALTRE SO-
STANZE
Nel grafico:
il consumo di tutte le sostanze che riducono lo strato di
ozono (ODS), 1986-2010 (in migliaia di tonnellate di potenziale di
riduzione dell'ozono)
Il 2012 è stato l’anno del venticinquesimo anniversario del
Protocollo di Montreal, sulle sostanze che impoveriscono lo
strato di ozono. Molti i successi da celebrare. In particolare,
una riduzione di oltre il 98% nell’utilizzo di sostanze dannose
per l'ozono. Inoltre, visto che la maggior parte di queste so-
stanze sono anche potenti gas serra, il Protocollo di Montreal
ha contribuito in modo significativo alla protezione del siste-
ma climatico globale.
Le diminuzioni finora ottenute, fanno spiccare quello degli
idroclorofluorocarburi (HCFCs) come il più grande gruppo di
sostanze residue che ancora devono essere eliminate. Dato
l’obiettivo da raggiungere per il successo del protocollo, e lo
stato di ratifica universale, i governi hanno preso in conside-
razione una modifica che inizi a considerare gli HCFCs come
sostanze chimiche che provocano il riscaldamento globale,
visto che vengono spesso utilizzati come sostituti di alcune
sostanze dannose per l'ozono.
48
|
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS REPORT 2012
30.1 billion metric tons in 2009. From 1990 through
2008, emissions had increased almost every year, with
particularly high growth since 2002. But even with the
un recedent d dip, 2009 emissions were still 39 per cent
above the 1990 level.
The 2009 reduction is attributable to slowing economic
activity during the global crisis. Emissions from developed
regions were especially affected, falling by 7 per cent
compared to 2008. In the developing regions as a
whole, the emissions continued to increase, but at a lower
rate than in previous years: by 5.4 per cent in 2009,
compared with about 10 per cent in 2004 and in 2003.
Overall, the decrease in the developed regions more than
offset the increase in the developing regions.
Per capita emissions remained far higher in the developed
regions, at 10 metric tons of CO
2
per person in 2009
as against only 3 metric tons in the developing world
and just 0.6 metric tons in sub-Saharan Africa. But, as
in previous years, emissions per unit of economic output
were higher in the developing regions—0.6 kilograms of
CO
2
per dollar of economic output, versus 0.37 kilograms
in the developed regions.
In 2011, the international community made another
step forward in enhancing the international climate
change regime. At the United Nations Climate Change
Conference in Durban, South Africa, it was agreed to take
stronger action on controlling climate change–inducing
greenhouse gas emissions. A process was launched
to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an
agreed outcome with legal force under the Framework
Convention and applicable to all Parties, which would
come into effect and begin its implementation in 2020.
The Conference also acknowledged the gap between the
agreed reduction in emissions and the actual reduction
needed for planetary well-being, underlying the need to
furth
tional action.
The
crease of global emissions in
200
rt-term nature and, once the
glob
s, the emissions are likely to move
upw
g greenhouse gas emissions
rem
nt.
The successful implementation of the
Montreal Protocol clears the way for
extending control to more substances
Consumption of all ozone depleting substances (ODSs),
1986-2010 (Thousands of metric tons of ozone-depleting
potential)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1986 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Developing regions
Caucasus, Central Asia, Eastern
and South-Eastern Europe
Developed regions
The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer comes this
year, 2012, with many achievements to celebrate. Most
notably, there has been a reduction of over 98 per
cent in the consumption of ozone-depleting substances.
Further, because most of these substances ar also pot nt
greenhouse gases, th Montreal Protocol has contributed
significantly t the protection of the g obal climat system.
The reductions achieved to date leave hydrochlorofluoro-
carbons (HCFCs) as the largest group of substances
remaining to be phased out. Given the Protocol’s
successful track record, and status of universal ratification,
Governments have been considering an amendment
th t would take on HFCs, a class of global warming
chemicals that are often used s substitutes for certain
ozone-depleting substances.
The parties to the Protocol are now hoping to achieve
universal ratification of all of the Protocol’s amendments as
well. Failure to ratify all of the amendments by the end of
the year could lead to the imposition of trade sanctions
on non-parties, which in turn would preclude them from
procuring HCFCs needed for a measured, thoughtful
phase-out.
For the other main categories of ozone-depleting
Paesi sviluppati
Paesi in via di sviluppo
aucaso, Asia Ce trale,
Europa Orientale Sud-Oriebtake
